Final Paper Part 3

3. Part III: Final sociological analysis and recommendations
This final part should provide any final sociological insight you have, and using sociological theory, you should provide suggestions for solving the conflict to conclude your report. Also provide references here. Length should be about 400 words.

The Geneva Convention held after the holocaust in 1945 defined genocide, and the leaders there promised the world, “Never Again”. This has proven to be one of the greatest broken promises in history; as any genocide maven will tell you, “Again and Again” seems to be the more accurate phrase. “Never Again” is not beyond human nature, but seems unattainable because “to many of us like to cause harm, and to few care enough to prevent it”.
Why is it that even when the world is informed, and in this day and age has all the technology needed to see proof of the genocide, such as interviews, pictures, films, and journalist accounts, one cannot do so much as even spread the word. Over 50% of people that I have personally discussed the content of my paper with had never before even heard of the genocide. Enough public pressure alone could convince the government to take decisive action. As people living in the United States, we are given a voice. If enough people could learn to use that voice towards a collective goal, we could be heard. Although not all of the public may be properly informed, it is those that choose media content, or the viewers who watch it that are responsible for the vital content omitted. Case in point: why is it that there are more reporters in Africa to get coverage on Angelina Jolie’s baby, when just a few hundred miles away desperate refugees are crying out for their voice to be heard, for someone to listen. What does this say ? Aside from the political aspects and the hardcore facts surrounding this atrocity, one must take a step back from the barriers that keep people from identifying with those in Africa. Take away country boarders, language barriers, and color; all you have left is our brothers, a person who is a mother, a father, a sister, a friend, a spouse, and an unpredictable possibility for our future. All that is left is people, citizens of the world equal to you or me. These people with the same fundamental needs, desires, and fears as anyone else, are being chased from their homes, starved, raped, murdered, robbed, their villages burnt to the ground. These are not just news articles here, a picture of a face with sad, lonely eyes there. These are real people.

Source:

Darfur: a new history of a long war by Julie Flint

http://www.savedarfur.org/

http://www.eyesondarfur.org/

Final Paper Part 2

2. Part II: Major contemporary concerns and sociological analyses
This part focuses on the recent issues of concern, how the different parties involved view the issues differently, and how the different parties are affected differently. You should also weave sociological analyses into this section. Length should be about 700 words – this is the bulk of your paper.

The Bush Administration has recognized these atrocities and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has named the genocide as the largest and most complex humanitarian crisis on the globe. The committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Museum has, for the first time, declared that there is a “genocide emergency” in Sudan. Within this declaration, the committee cited the government for using mass starvation as a weapon of destruction, is tolerating the enslavement of women and children by government-allied militias, and has failed to cease the incessant bombing of hospitals, clinics, schools, and other civilian humanitarian targets. Although this declaration was a step in the right direction, words need to be put into action in order for anything in Darfur to change.
On April 18th, 2007, President Bush stated that “he was tired of Sudan’s obfuscation and evasion as it pursued its genocide; he demanded prompt action by President al-Bashir to end the genocide and cooperate with international demands that he admit U.N peacekeepers to Darfur and cease obstructing humanitarian aid”. President Bush warned that the U.S would impose unilateral, targeted economic sanctions on the Sudanese regime. On May 29th, 2007, Bush announced the implementation of said sanctions against Sudan.
On May 5th, 2006, under strong outside pressure, the Sudanese government and one rebel group signed the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA). The other rebel groups found the DPA inadequate and refused to sign. Since the DPA, violence has not decreased at all. The U.N and A.U are currently working quickly to attempt to revitalize the process of bringing all parties back together to work on a revised and improved DPA. On August 31, 2006, the Security Council took the further step of authorizing a strong UN peacekeeping force for Darfur in passing resolution 1706. This resolution authorized a force of 22,500 troops for Darfur with a mandate to protect its civilians. However, due to Sudanese stonewalling and failure of U.N member follow through, less than 200 U.N advisors actually deployed. On July 31, 2007, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1769 unanimously. This authorized a deployment of a United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID). This is the largest United Nations peacekeeping force ever before deployed with a total of more than 31,000 troops, police, and personnel. The goal is to support implementation of the DPA, protect its personnel, facilities, equipment, etc, and most importantly, to protect civilians. UNAMID is estimated to cost roughly 2.5 billion a year and the United States will fund 27.1 percent of total costs. If the UN fails to deploy, it will be the second time in history that the U.N troops have not deployed after being authorized to do so by the Security Council.
The United States has done more than enough in various countries for “humanitarian reasons”, but none without ulterior motives in order to protect its national interests. Darfur is a situation in which there are no ulterior motives. There is no oil there, and the country is of no interest or help towards the economy. This is a situation in which the obvious human rights violations, the under-funded aids group which, while unsupported, are unable to continue work, and the escalating situation is all the reasons in the world to motivate a world superpower, a country known as the “worlds police”, to get involved and take action.
Furthermore, the world has seen what happens when genocide goes ignored and unnoticed. After the Holocaust, the United Nations was founded with the specific intention of making sure that history will never repeat itself in this case. Since then, not only was there the Rwandan Genocide, in which the world sat back and watched, allowing hundreds of thousands of innocent people to be brutally murdered, but now Darfur looks to be headed in the same direction. Why have we not learned from our past? What human rights atrocities must be committed for the world to step up, with no ulterior motives, but simply out of the need of these people, the same we would hope that any other country would do for us if we were in Sudan’s shoes.

Source:

Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
to the United Nations Secretary-General
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/02_02_05drafur_report.pdf

Explaining Darfur: four lectures on the ongoing genocide / by Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim M,

Darfur: the ambiguous Genocide by Gérard Prunier,thaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, c2007

Final Paper Part 1

Part I: Background
This part focuses on what parties are involved in the issue and its historical backdrop; length should be about 400 words.

NEVER AGAIN

Some ugly aspects of war have, over time, simply numbed people into naturally turning an eye away from a dire situation. Darfur is a place where, since February 2003, the national government of Sudan has allowed the systematic murder of over 400,000 innocent civilians, the displacement of over 2.5 million, and cruelty and brutalities against hundreds of thousands. All of this, similar to the past genocide in Rwanda, can be quickly and relatively easily stopped, with simple commitment from the right people. The Presidential administration of America, the United Nations, and the African Union all have an obligation, both morally and politically, to do what we can to effectively put an end to the genocide, something the United Nations promised after the Holocaust they would never allow to happen again.
Sudan is the largest country in Africa, an area about the size of Texas, located south of Egypt on the eastern side of the Sahara Desert. The countries main economic resource is oil, but despite this, the approximately 6 million inhabitants are still among the poorest in Africa. Seventy percent of the countries oil revenues go directly to funding the military. The current crisis in Darfur began seven years ago. The genocide began when, after decades of oppression, neglect, and various small-scale conflicts, two rebel groups known as the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality movement (JEM) mounted an insurgency against the government. These rebel groups are formed mainly from non-Arab black Africans. The government responded brutally to this outburst, increasing arms and support to local militias, known as the Janjaweed. “The word “Janjaweed” is an Arabic colloquialism from the region, and generally means "a man (a devil) on a horse." These members are made up of Arab black African Muslims. The Janjaweed has proceeded to wipe out entire villages, and systematically murder, rape, and torture thousands of innocent Darfurian civilians. In the past, during more minor conflicts, the Sudanese government has previously supported the tactic of using militia to attack the civilian populations that are believed to support these insurgencies. Few have been spared from this torture. According to a report of the United Nations, through violence, disease, and starvation, already approximately 400,000 lives have been claimed. About 2.5 million Darfurians have fled their communities and are now living either in refugee camps in the neighboring country of Chad, or in a network of internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in Darfur. The Sudanese government paints their military aircraft white, the same color as U.N. humanitarian aircraft. This is a violation of international humanitarian law, but that does not stop the villagers from knowing, when a plane approaches, if it is there to help them or to bomb them. There are still 1 million more Darfurians still living in their villages, living in constant fear of bombings, raids, murder, rape and torture.
The refugee and IDP camps are both entirely dependent on the United Nations (UN) and other such humanitarian organizations for basic needs. The conditions of these camps are dire. The survival of these people is remarkable, as the overwhelming hard ships they must endure, and the lack of resolution or progress towards the cause of all of this. The 13,000 aid workers in about 100 camps throughout Darfur are also at constant risk due to government harassment. Both the UN and non-governmental humanitarian agencies have warned that because of this, “their ability to sustain operations is at risk”. Without the continue of humanitarian aid, UN officials say the death rate could raise as high as 100,000 people per month.

Source:

Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
To the United Nations Secretary-General
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/02_02_05drafur_report.pdf

Explaining Darfur: four lectures on the ongoing genocide / by Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim M,

Movie/Television

Essay: Movie/television
By: Chloé Reiss

Race and Ethnic Relations
Gran Torino, by Clint Eastwood

Directed by Clint Eastwood, the drama movie entitled Gran Torino was produced in 2008 and rapidly became a worldwide success. Gran Torino is a crude movie based on the theme of opposition in between vengeance and justice.
The main character, Walter Kowalski is a Korean War Veteran living on his own since his wife just passed away. His son tried to convince him to move out of his house but Walter refused all offers to enter a retirement community. The experience of his past has had a strong impact on his view of people and the world in general, which makes him constantly angry. Remorse and traumatism of his time and actions during the War in Korea keep tormenting him. Walter, like many other veterans has this feeling he would never rest in peace. Since the loss of his wife, Kowalski has become introverted and he does not do any efforts to socialize with people surrounding him. Not only limiting contacts with his family, he also does not get along with the community of his neighborhood. He owns a house in Highland Park in Michigan where most inhabitants used to be working-class white families. Ravaged by the industrial crisis, Walter’s neighborhood is more and more populated by Asian immigrants. During the movie, various clashes in between people from different ethnic groups gives reflection to the inevitable phenomenon of mutation in America. More than immigration, economy, religion, war, and the value of work play a central role in the story.
A Hmong family is living next door and Kowalski is rejecting all approach of sympathy from them. Constantly insulting, Kowalski does not interact with non-white people without using offensive racist words. As a result of such behavior, not everyone gets along in the neighborhood and violence is continuous. The cold personality of Kowalski and his constant mumbling emphasize the distance he creates with his Hmong neighbors at the beginning of the movie. As in many other suburbs of the United States, the atmosphere in Walter’s neighborhood is not serene and gangs keep spreading fear and violence. Such issues bring up the cause of social identity that is not always easy to be found for immigrants in the host country. “Because their language, appearance, and cultural background often made them conspicuous, the newcomers were categorically identified and judged as a group rather than as individuals” (Parillo, 149).

Two other characters who play an important role in the movie are Sue and Thao, two siblings of the family next door. They both live in between their traditional customs at home and the American educational environment they grew up in.
Exposing the contrast in between two different cultures in a same country, the movie interestingly exposes the variability in the U.S social structure. “The social structure of an immigrant group’s country of origin, then, may help explain both nationalistic sentiment and social interaction with others in the adopted country” (Parillo, 152).

One day a cousin of the family who is a gang member tries to recruit Thao as one of them. Under fear and pressure, Thao is forced to do what he is asked to. Few nights later, Kowalski catches him while he was trying to steal his Gran Torino car. He kicked him out of his garage, pointing at him with a gun. Few days later, the whole Hmong family knew what happened and Thao had to go over to Walt’s house to apologize.
Through such drama, the movie tells us a lot about the Hmong culture. In fact, in the Hmong culture, when someone apologizes he/she needs to be punished. A good way to be forgiven is to work couple days at the disposal of the person concerned. Therefore, Thao spent couple days rebuilding a roof in favor to Walter. Every morning, all members of the Hmong family would leave all kind of goods on the stairs of his porch to thank him for his understanding. At first, Walter kept complaining about it and expressing his annoyance by mumbling, “it is enough, it is enough”. However little by little he started to accept the gifts and understand the cultural significance of their gesture.
At that point of the movie, Walter is starting to feel affection for Thao and Sue and accept them for who they are. Unwilling to do so, Walt plays the role of a second father for Thao. In fact, while trying to get him a job, Walt teaches Thao how to act ‘like a real man’. Learning the ‘male way of speaking’, Thao is being taught what masculinity according to a White man is, which is an example of stereotype.
On a Sunday, Sue invited him to come over for lunch and Walt who was the only White person in the house, finally expressed some interest and respect for the Hmong culture despite the language barrier. During this scene, the movie presents a big Hmong family, from grandparents to grandsons living all together in one same house for economic purpose. Most of the family members do not speak English and the main reason why Sue and Thao are perfectly bilinguals is because of their school education.
Even if at the beginning of the movie, it seems obvious that Walt does not assimilate himself to the Hmong people, the comic irony of the movie shows similitude from both sides.
At the end of the movie, Walter plans his own murder in order to save Thao and his family from the gangs. In fact at the end of the movie, the gang’s members shoot him and finally get arrested.
I thought really interesting how each character in the movie incarnates stereotyped views of people according to their origin and the environment they live in.

Source:
Parrillo, V. (2008). Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations (3ed). Pearsons Education, Inc.

Sociological Images

Essay: Sociological Images
By: Chloé Reiss

Media Saturation and Discrimination

A couple of centuries ago, soft pale white skin was fashionable, but over time the vogue has lead our modern society favoring tan skin. This change is only one example of how the mentalities of people through out time are influenced by appearance, air, and fashion. Aside from skin pigmentation, weight and size are now fore running vanities in today’s society. From pictures in magazines to advertisement on TV, the image of a physical appearance ideal is disseminated and consequently affects a majority of people who feel excluded and judged by the society they live in. Browsing the website, “Sociological Images” I found three entries all related by their subject matter: the repercussions of media saturation on people’s mentalities, pattern of discrimination. Discrimination is “actual behavior, the practice of differential and unequal treatment of other groups of people” (Parillo, 105).
Many studies have proven the impact of the fashion and advertising industry on women, which is becoming a crucial issue in our modern society. Beauty has been assimilated to various specific criteria such as the primary of weight, with perfect soft skin etc. Most advertisement diffused by the medias expose images of models that have been fully retouched to hide all imperfection (rolls of fat, rashes, pimples, circles under their eyes etc.) The notion of natural is lost and pressure is given to women who feel rejected by the society they live in and develop complexities and frustration. Psychologists have denounced this phenomena as the origin of many eating disorders leading to depressions, anorexia etc. The first entry I chose, “The Role of Photography in Fat Acceptance”, points out the importance of tolerance and the need of a social change concerning judgmental attitudes of a majority towards overweight people. The author Lisa presents the “Adiposivity Project” which offers 324 pictures of fat women who feel comfortable with their bodies. This website illustrates the fat acceptance movement fighting against unfairness and discrimination that most overweight people suffer from in the Western culture.
The second entry, “Ralph Lauren apologizes for super-skinny photoshopped model” is another example of negative influence for young women and their perception of the ideal body. According to the information provided, the famous clothing company Ralph Lauren fired a size 4 model for being ‘too fat’ and not fitting in the clothes anymore. The scandal denounced the excessive restrictions on sizes that models nowadays need to conform to and stressed the extent of it. In this case it also puts in evidence the discrimination that the model is victim of, by not being presented to the public for what she is in reality. Effectively, Ralph Lauren had to apologize for a picture of the model published in magazine that has been particularly photoshopped. The modifications made on the picture to make the model look even skinnier than she is, appeared to seem absolutely unnatural and immoderate. During an interview, the victim expressed her concerns for young women in Western society who become more and more influenced by model’s pictures they see. She insists on the fact that such leanness is unnatural, unattractive and it should not inspire anyone or make any women envious. However, the effects of such publications remain uncontrollable once accessible to the public. The commentator in the video also mentions the impact it could have on the model’s career due to her new reputation and ‘false appearance’.
In parallel of the idealism of skinny women, a degrading and ignominious image of overweight women is promoted. Women with curve appeared to feel discriminated and negatively judged under false stereotypical prejudices. I found a food commercial for noodles that was published on the website. The short video perfectly illustrates this idea of injustice that most overweight women are facing: “fat women are disgusting- skinny women want you to eat them”. Straightaway, the use of the adjective “fat” in the title does not only convey a negative connotation but also a tone of humiliation. One of the main goal of the advertisement is to encourage people to consume ‘Wai wai noodles” by using the attractiveness and the desire of men for pretty thin women. In the scenario, the main character is sitting at a table about to start eating a bowl of noodles which are represented by obese women floating in hot water. Disgusted and skeptical he is looking at his bowl until one of the women lets out a loud burp. This little detail is determinant and directly insults overweight women. “The Latin word discriminatus, from which the English word is derived, means to divide or distinguish”(Parillo, 105). The discrimination in the scene is obvious when the man finally devours another bowl in which he sees thin elegant and smiling women who give him appetite again.
These three entries demonstrate the immoderation of certain vanities in today’s society. Media saturation and the fashion industry control mentalities of the majority and become main source of discrimination.


Source:

Parrillo, V. (2008). Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations (3ed). Pearsons Education, Inc.

Link 1: http://contexts.org/socimages/2010/01/02/role-of-photography-in-fat-acceptance/

Link 2: http://contexts.org/socimages/2009/10/12/ralph-lauren-apologizes-for-super-skinny-photoshopped-model/#more-14168

Link 3: http://contexts.org/socimages/2009/03/13/fat-women-are-disgusting-skinny-women-want-you-to-eat-them/

Global/foreign issue

Essay: Global/foreign issue
By: Chloé Reiss

The barbaric chastisement of women by stoning in Iran


Every day in the world, occur frightening actions that the majority of people ignore or do not really give attention to. It is shocking to realize that such things still happen nowadays in the world that we live in, a world fighting for the human rights and seeking for equality. On the 28th of June 2006, a thirty-four-year old woman named Malak Ghorbany was accused of adultery and condemned to death by the law court of Ourmia located in the Northwest part of Iran. In fact, according to the Iranian penal code, the term ‘adultery’ refers to any intimate or sexual relationship between a woman and a man that are not married. In case of adultery, the death penalty is unavoidable. By hazard, Malak’s fate was world denounced and gave conscious of terrifying procedures, still practiced nowadays in Iran. During a stoning execution, the victim’s hands are tied behind her back and her body covered by a sheet. The person is then buried in the ground up to her chest, surrounded by ‘the murderers’ throwing stones at her. Depending on the accusation, the suffering of the execution is defined. According to the law, the stones have to be big enough to lead to death, but not too big in order to avoid a ‘fast ending’.
The story of Malak Ghorbany went around the world throughout the medias in plenty different forms. Articles, videos and even pictures, deplored the cruelty of such condemnations. A ‘stranger’ who got killed by her husband and brother raped Malak. Thinking about protecting them for their crime, Malak plead guilty of adultery. ‘Adultery’ also refers to any acts incompatible with chastity committed by women, which includes the rape. In the case of Malak Ghorbany, the particular method of execution, stoning, is one of the most inhuman and cruel form of torture and violence.
From this point, Malak’s accusations and treatments appeal to the feminist theory. The Feminist theory based its principles on the women’s rights and seeks ways to obtain and achieve social justice. The feminist theory calls in questions the status of women in societies, consideration and esteem that they should receive. As a claim of her human’s rights, Malak should have been defended and protected for being raped. But instead of being the victim, she was found guilty. The injustice and discrimination was even more emphasized by the ignorance gave to the murderers of her aggressor. The case denounced the mentality that it plays in these communities to make such things acceptable. There is notion that men have any rights to do everything they want when it comes to women, which can perfectly be analyzed by using the conflict theory. Conflict theorists “examine the ongoing conflict between the dominant and subordinate groups in society, such as between men and women” (Parillo, 11).
However, the story of Malak Ghorbany could also be interestingly analyzed in terms of the illustration of a functional theory. The functional theory characterized the actions of institutions and organizations, combined to promote existing social values and norms. In fact, “proponents of functional theory emphasize that the various parts of society have functions, or positive effects, that promote solidarity and maintain the stability of the whole” (Parillo, 10). The Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Iran published a call for Malak Ghorbany, in order to save her life. A petition was addressed to members of the United Nations, International Amnesty and many different organizations and organisms in the world, to make opposition to Malak’s accusation. It is necessary that people get together and fight against these injustices that women deal with in these communities, especially when it comes to such horrors. The petition created in order to save Malak, collected over 14,000 signatures, and helped to call in question her case and push back her sentence of death. Nowadays, she still remains in jail.
The case of Malak Ghorbany is not just a women issue, not just a religious issue but a broader human right problem that the daily violence against women happens throughout the world.

Source:
Parrillo, V. (2008). Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations (3ed). Pearsons Education, Inc.
“The story of Malak Ghorbany – and the fight to save her life” January 22nd 2007
http://askew.blogharbor.com/blog/_archives/2007/1/22/2673327.html

Domestic (U.S.) Issue

Essay: Domestic (U.S.) Issue

By: Chloé Reiss

Deviance/Lower Class Communities: Mental illness

A major domestic issue common in the United States is the crisis of Mental illness. Mental illness is a major form of social deviance present in all classes of American society, but those affected greatest tend to end up exiled from their previous normative social units in which they end up lingering among the lower classes of society. One way to recognize and acknowledge this major form of deviance is by looking at where, why, and to whom the crisis of mental illness affects.

The term mental illness/disorder refers to a psychological or physiological pattern that occurs in an individual and is usually associated with distress or disability to function in the expected social norms of a culture, this causing the mentally ill often to end up among the lowest classes of society. Classifications of disorders may vary, but the categories may include anxiety disorders, developmental disorders, eating disorders, psychotic disorders, personality disorders, and many other categories. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause of mental disorders and victims often suffer from more then one disorder. Mental health services may be based in hospitals or in the community. Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options, but treatment may be involuntary depending on the case. Often times we see patients go in and out of treatment their whole lives.

Anyone can get a mental illness due to the alteration of brain chemistry through internal and/or external factors. One common opinion is that disorders often result from genetic vulnerabilities combining with environmental stressors. Sometimes it is hard to distinguish between whether or not a child becomes depressed because they inherited their mother’s depressive gene or because the depression of the mother laps over into environment of the child. Social influences also determine the degree of the mental disorder. Effectively, the lower class produces many mentally unhealthy people due to things such as poverty, malnutrition, broken home environments, the stress of gangs and drugs, etc.

Mental illness affects the lives of countless people across the U.S., including the individual mentally ill, the family/social unit that that person belongs/ed, and also the taxpayers who provide care. The issue could be analyzed through the conflict theory based on the idea that “social structure fails to promote the society as a whole, as evidenced by existing social patterns benefiting some people while depriving others”(Parillo,11). With the repercussions of deinstitutionalization and the lack in which society embraces the sick, the deviance of the mentally sick is still a great travesty. As a result, countless homeless people and people in prisons suffer from some form of a mental health illness because of, (some say inevitable), loopholes in the system. When the sick accept treatment, many times the patient will stop taking their medicine, the medicine will make them feel worse, or simply they will not return for treatment. Still today, drugs are administered constantly in order to monitor levels of rage, confusion, depression, etc. When a patient attends a hospital seeking help and has a bad episode, they are injected like the click of a switch to become sedated or happy, whichever mood is required to bring stability to the their condition. This does not really help the patient, but rather helps the people around that patient to deal with that situation for that moment in time. It is sometimes obvious that the long-term health of a patient is not the real concern of those doctors whose immediate concern is getting through the hour, day, or week, due to the amount of patients direly needing help. In the cases of those who do get better, there is a high chance of relapsing without the consonant support of others. Those who do not have the support, (i.e. their family couldn’t take it any longer and disowned them, or they have no family/friends), are forced to stray further from help and end up victims living in the lower class. This type of mentally ill live day to day, fighting the endless bouts of highs and lows that come with their tormenting illness, and often driving them to wonder the underbellies of society, drifting from city to city or jail to jail.

The solution to this issue has been deinstitutionalization, which has been in effect since the 50’s and 60’s, but has led to today’s epidemic of the never ending cycle of what I call “in and out care” that many of those diagnosed endure. “In and out care” by no means implies care by a dedicated institution or person, but rather the mentally ill’s “bump in” encounters with hospitals, jails, asylums, and half way homes.

Mental illness is one major form of deviance common in lower class American communities due to the fact that those affected greatest tend to end up exiled from their normative social units in which they end up among the lower class.

Source:

Parrillo, V. (2008). Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations (3ed). Pearsons Education, Inc.